VR is not what a lot of people think it is. It's not comparable to racing wheels, Kinect, or 3DTVs. It offers a shift that the game industry hasn't had before; a first of it's kind. I'm going to outline what VR is like today in despite of the many misconceptions around it and what it will be like as it grows. What people find to be insurmountable problems are often solvable.
What is VR in 2020?
Something far more versatile and far-reaching than people comprehend. All game genres and camera perspectives work, so you're still able to access the types of games you've always enjoyed. It is often thought that VR is a 1st person medium and that's all it can do, but 3rd person and top-down VR games are a thing and in various cases are highly praised. Astro Bot, a 3rd person platformer, was the highest rated VR game before Half-Life: Alyx.
Lets crush some misconceptions of 2020 VR:

• The buy-in is $400 on average, not $1000 as that is Valve Index pricing.
• Motion sickness is easily avoidable for most people by sticking to games that have 1:1 fully synced or mostly synced body movement like Beat Saber or even Alyx with teleportation.
• Most VR games offer locomotion options so teleporting is certainly not a required norm.
• You don't need a PC or console; Oculus Quest is the start of the new norm where headsets are self-contained.
• You are not required to stand or move about. VR has always allowed you to relax in the same way as traditional gaming by sitting on the couch with a gamepad.
• VR isn't anti-social. It's actually the pinnacle of social communication devices. What it is (currently) is potentially isolating depending on how you use it.
• People will disabilities often think VR is not for them, when in all likelihood it probably is, because most disabilities work fine with VR and even have a lot to gain from the use of it.
• The setup of VR is much faster and quicker than it was just a few years ago thanks to inside-out tracking and standalones. A Quest user can get going within 10 seconds.

So what are the problems with VR in 2020?

• Bulky headsets.
• Low resolution and low FoV.
• Wireless isn't standard.
• Only a few released AAA exclusive games.
• Potential for eye strain and headaches.
• Some headsets feel really outdated. (PSVR)
• Isolating.
• Full body avatars don't align correctly.

Despite these downsides, VR still offers something truly special. What it enables is not just a more immersive way to game, but new ways to feel, to experience stories, to cooperate or fight against other players, and a plethora of new ways to interact which is the beating heart of gaming as a medium.
To give some examples, Boneworks is a game that has experimental full body physics and the amount of extra agency it provides is staggering. When you can actually manipulate physics on a level this intimately where you are able to directly control and manipulate things in a way that traditional gaming simply can't allow, it opens up a whole new avenue of gameplay and game design.
Things aren't based on a series of state machines anymore. "Is the player pressing the action button to climb this ladder or not?" "Is the player pressing the aim button to aim down the sights or not?"
These aren't binary choices in VR. Everything is freeform and you can basically be in any number of states at a given time. Instead of climbing a ladder with an animation lock, you can grab on with one hand while aiming with the other, or if it's physically modelled, you could find a way to pick it up and plant it on a pipe sticking out of the ground to make your own makeshift trap where you spin it around as it pivots on top of the pipe, knocking anything away that comes close by. That's the power of physics in VR. You do things you think of in the same vain as reality instead of thinking inside the set limitations of the designers. Even MGSV has it's limitations with the freedom it provides, but that expands exponentially with 6DoF VR input and physics.
I talked about how VR could make you feel things. A character or person that gets close to you in VR is going to invade your literal personal space. Heights are possibly going to start feeling like you are biologically in danger. The idea of tight spaces in say, a horror game, can cause claustrophobia. The way you move or interact with things can give off subtle almost phantom-limb like feelings because of the overwhelming visual and audio stimulation that enables you to do things that you haven't experienced with your real body; an example being floating around in zero gravity in Lone Echo.
So it's not without it's share of problems, but it's an incredibly versatile gaming technology in 2020. It's also worth noting just how important it is as a non-gaming device as well, because there simply isn't a more suitably combative device against a world-wide pandemic than VR. Simply put, it's one of the most important devices you can get right now for that reason alone as you can socially connect with no distancing with face to face communication, travel and attend all sorts of events, and simply manage your mental and physical health in ways that the average person wishes so badly for right now.
Where VR is (probably) going to be in 5 years
You can expect a lot. A seismic shift that will make the VR of today feel like something very different. This is because the underlying technology is being reinvented with entirely custom tech that no longer relies on cell phone panels and lenses that have existed for decades.

• Headsets are going to be about half the size of where they are today thanks to pancake lenses and other innovations in size reduction.
• Wireless will be fully standard out of the box.
• The resolution will be around the equivalent of 1080p monitors, so you'd probably be looking at 4K x 4K per eye or higher.
• The field of view will be 30-40% higher.
• Eye strain and headaches will be solved via varifocal displays and VR will become even more comfortable visually than 2D displays, as they still have these issues which can be only be solved in stereoscopic displays.
  
• The use of movement-synced vibrational feedback on the head alongside higher refresh rates will dramatically reduce motion sickness issues when involved in more intense movement which would make joystick locomotion a lot more applicable to a wider range of people.
  
• Isolation will be solved with mixed reality reconstruction enabling the real world to bleed into VR on a per object basis in real time. VR headsets are now in all senses MR headsets. (VR+AR in one device)
  
• Floating hands will be basically extinct as full-body tracking will be standard with every headset via camera-based tracking.
  
• Facial tracking and eye-tracking in combination with body tracking will enable extremely realistic fully tracked avatars not unlike what Ready Player One depicts.
  
• Foveated Rendering will be solved, making a typical VR game no more demanding on the GPU than it's equivalent non-VR version.
  
• AI Upscaling methods not unlike Nvidia DLSS 2.0 is used to further reduce the pixel rendering requirements.
  
• 3D audio is far more realistic via personal HRTF generation and better audio propagation algorithms. If not completely identical to the real world, it will feel pretty close.
  
• AAA content will be more aplenty.
  
• There will be plenty of non-gaming apps gaining bigger traction like some sort of social space or event-based app.
  
• PlayStation and Xbox will both support VR and a PSVR2 headset will have launched.
  

That's enough to solve almost all the issues of the technology and make it a buy-in for the average gamer. In 5 years, we should really start to see the blending of reality and virtual reality and how close the two can feel
Where VR is (probably) going to be in 10 years

• Two different form factors. Thin visors for maximum immersion with a human field of view and sunglasses for maximum social acceptance, with both having something close to retinal resolution.
  
• Force feedback haptic gloves in a consumer friendly form factor start to become the new standard input to replace motion controls.
  
• BCI input starts to get integrated into some headsets, enabling users to control the virtual world with their mind in varying ways, such as UI navigation, telekinesis, disability support, and mind-typing.
  
• VR is now effectively photorealistic in the visual and audio department and it's extremely hard if not impossible at times to tell the difference between the real world and the virtual world.
  
• Quite a number of people start to live big chunks of their lives in VR.
  
• Light-field 6DoF video will be common allowing you to move inside live videos or a playback of a video that are in every way indistinguishable from reality, at least visually/audibly.
  
• Streaming becomes mainstream as an option to consume games and it is now starting to become feasible to stream VR games as well.
  
• VAR start to replace traditional displays and devices with monitors, phones and handhelds especially on their way out, but TVs very likely still hold a strong presence due to their communal nature.
  
• If consoles still exist, their new features are now focused mostly on VR and how to integrate as seamlessly as possible into the VAR experience. Traditional gaming is still likely the most popular way to play, but consoles must find ways to market towards the new.
  
• VAR are the new norm for work, education, communication, entertainment and a lot of aspects of daily life.
  
• AAA VRMMORPGs start to get popular and become the new standard for the genre, revitalizing it.
  
• The metaverse starts to form in some small way, not yet reaching the magnitude of something like the OASIS, but still a very large and versatile world or web of worlds where the phrase "Do anything, go anywhere, become anyone, be with anyone" is the truest it's ever been.
  

In short, as good as if not better than the base technology of Ready Player One which consists of a visor and gloves. Interestingly, RPO missed out on the merging of VR and AR which will play an important part of the future of HMDs as they will become more versatile, easier to multi-task with, and more engrained into daily life where physical isolation is only a user choice. Useful treadmills and/or treadmill shoes as well as haptic suits will likely become (and stay) enthusiast items that are incredible in their own right but due to the commitment, aren't applicable to the average person - in a way, just like RPO.
At this stage, VR is mainstream with loads of AAA content coming out yearly and providing gaming experiences that are incomprehensible to most people today.
Overall, the future of VR couldn't be brighter. It's absolutely here to stay, it's more incredible than people realize today, and it's only going to get exponentially better and more convenient in ways that people can't imagine.

The pharmacy 2020 demographics survey results are here! There were 258 respondents this year. Please note that the numbers will not necessarily add up to 100%, since all questions were optional. Sorry in advance for the crappy Excel graphs.
Location
Most respondents hailed from the US (233; 90.3%), followed by Canada (10; 3.9%), United Kingdom (8; 3.1%), New Zealand (2; 0.8%), and 1 respondent each from Australia, Indonesia, Slovakia, Sweden, and Taiwan.
Of the 233 Americans, the top 3 states were California (20; 8.6%), Pennsylvania (18; 7.7%), and Texas (18; 7.7%).
The 10 Canadians were from Ontario (5; 50%), British Columbia (2; 20%), Alberta (1; 10%), Nova Scotia (1; 10%), and Quebec (1; 10%).
Demographics
Of the 258 respondents, 130 (50.4%) identified as female, 123 (47.7%) as male, and 3 (1.2%) as non-binary.
Age distribution is shown in the below table. A few statistics: minimum 19, maximum 68, mean 29.0, median 28, mode 26.
https://preview.redd.it/qxyxs2sj09c51.png?width=554&format=png&auto=webp&s=202bef88a53fa8596182435590ba9de8eb3646c9
In terms of race/ethnicity, the categories from most to least common were as follows: white (156; 60.5%), Asian (55; 21.3%), 2 or more races (11; 4.3%), black (9; 3.5%), Hispanic or Latino (8; 3.1%), Indian subcontinent (6; 2.3%), Arab (4; 1.6%), Native American or American Indian (2; 0.8%), and Armenian (1; 0.4%).
General employment questions
Of the 258 respondents, 169 (65.5%) were pharmacists, 55 (21.3%) were pharmacy students, 22 (8.5%) were non-pharmacist staff, and 8 (3.1%) were pre-pharmacy students. There were also 1 each of the following: corporate pharmacy compliance, pharmacy wholesaler, pharmacology student, and other healthcare professional.
Most respondents (169; 65.5%) were employed full time (defined as > 30 hours/week), while 19 (7.4%) were employed part time. 49 respondents (19.0%) were full time students (not necessarily in pharmacy), 13 (5.0%) were unemployed, 4 (1.6%) worked outside of the field of pharmacy, 2 (0.8%) were self-employed, 1 (0.4%) was retired, and 1 (0.4%) was consulting/contracting.
There was a nearly equal split between respondents working in suburban (99; 38.4%) vs. urban (97; 37.6%) locations, followed by 21 (8.1%) in rural locations and 15 (5.8%) working remotely (apologies - I should have made this question/response more clear, but based on a jump compared to last year's survey, I think people working from home temporarily due to COVID-19 may have chosen this option).
A pie chart of primary place of employment is shown below, with the top 7 responses shown in the legend: community/retail (136; 52.7%), hospital including outpatient (48; 18.6%), pharmaceutical industry including CROs (11; 4.3%), mail ordespecialty/home infusion (9; 3.5%), unemployed (8; 3.1%), long-term care/hospice (8; 3.1%), and ambulatory care (5; 1.9%). Please note that the unemployed category includes non-working full time students.
https://preview.redd.it/csyipt0hs9c51.png?width=297&format=png&auto=webp&s=3b91337feb634a61730ccfbdd09aa8a0fdda6d7a
A small proportion (42; 16.3%) of respondents reported having a second job. Of these, the most common fields of employment were: hospital including outpatient (10; 23.8%), community/retail (8; 19.0%), and self employment/side hustle (7; 16.7%).
Salary
For the following charts, I only included those working full time. Below is a histogram for full time pharmacist salary worldwide, as well as a table showing some stats for global, US, and ex-US salaries.
https://preview.redd.it/n16j31x1v9c51.png?width=447&format=png&auto=webp&s=624581f5b94c917c417ac39da92cf9eb4c77130c

	Global (139 responses)	US (130 responses)	Ex-US (9 responses)
Minimum	$11,000	$11,000	$43,050
Maximum	$300,000	$300,000	$230,000
Mean	$116,284	$118,909	$78,375
Median	$120,000	$120,961	$63,000

Below is the histogram for full time non-pharmacist staff worldwide. There was only 1 ex-US respondent, so I didn't separate out the stats. Here they are: minimum $15,000; maximum $72,000; mean $37,767; median $37,000.
https://preview.redd.it/q2w4f7t5y9c51.png?width=384&format=png&auto=webp&s=300c4992413830cb45befa7ffa9e24e9d5c2370d
Community/retail pharmacy
The pie chart shown below shows the breakdown of pharmacy type for the 136 respondents working in community/retail pharmacy. I'm not exactly sure what Genoa means, so I left that one as is.
https://preview.redd.it/begscv9fz9c51.png?width=288&format=png&auto=webp&s=c22e8ba0797ef1829bb9f0b30db9351b059a3264
Roles within community/retail pharmacy are displayed below.
https://preview.redd.it/l6l3w94zz9c51.png?width=265&format=png&auto=webp&s=ff10c40fd56bc3334762c06a5e6dc4e61a1004d8
The pie chart below displays responses regarding the impact of COVID-19 on hours/salary.
https://preview.redd.it/ugvcv06fbac51.png?width=276&format=png&auto=webp&s=60e055f753ed52c69220fb00e8ef817672804ebd
Hospital pharmacy (including outpatient)
There were 48 respondents working in hospital pharmacy. Bed count at their institutions is shown in the graph below.
https://preview.redd.it/1mv5r0ne1ac51.png?width=382&format=png&auto=webp&s=f46fa5df7be0c5b7d24603a218043fe4cb92f1bd
Roles within hospital pharmacy are displayed below.
https://preview.redd.it/4a3xewk72ac51.png?width=280&format=png&auto=webp&s=9d9a2dbd99882673300ad51e43808d90eb35d8a4
Of the 38 hospital pharmacists, 13 (34.2%) had completed a residency, and 5 (13.2%) were currently completing a residency. The remainder (20; 52.6%) were not pursuing nor had ever completed a residency.
The top 3 clinical specialties were ambulatory care, emergency medicine, and oncology (3 respondents each). Note that it was possible to choose more than 1 specialty.
The pie chart below displays responses regarding the impact of COVID-19 on hours/salary.
https://preview.redd.it/b9pj5l3sbac51.png?width=278&format=png&auto=webp&s=b0478e7ea600140253b9dc53066210412967d4cd
Pharmaceutical industry (including CROs)
Eleven respondents (4.3%) reported working in the pharmaceutical industry. The breakdown by department is shown in the table below.

Department	Number of Respondents
Drug Safety and Risk Management/Pharmacovigilance	2
Medical Communications/Education/Information	2
Regulatory Affairs	2
Clinical Pharmacology/Pharmacokinetics	1
Clinical Research & Development (including Clinical Operations)	1
Formulation	1
Marketing/Business Analytics	1
Medical Science Liaison	1

The breakdown by level was as follows: PharmD Fellow (3; 27.3%), Associate/Specialist (6; 54.5%), ManageSupervisor (1; 9.1%), Director (1; 9.1%). Five respondents had completed or were currently completing a fellowship. Four of these 5 provided their salaries during their fellowships, with an average of $50,000.
Pharmacy and pre-pharmacy students
There were 63 respondents (24.4%) who reported being pharmacy or pre-pharmacy students. Of these, the top 3 desired fields upon graduation were: hospital including residencies (16; 25.4%), undecided (13; 20.6%), and community/retail (11; 17.5%).
These 63 students attended (or planned to attend) 45 different schools worldwide. The 5 most common schools reported were as follows: University of Toronto (3; 4.8%), Feik School of Pharmacy (2; 3.2%), Ohio State University (2; 3.2%), Temple University (2; 3.2%), and University of Colorado (2; 3.2%).
The breakdown by year was as follows: undergraduate/pre-pharmacy (8; 12.7%), PY1 (4; 6.3%), PY2 (18; 28.6%), PY3 (16; 25.4%), and PY4 (13; 20.6%). Of the 13 PY4 students, 2 reported having a job lined up after graduation, both in community/retail.
Most students (45; 71.4%) were working in a pharmacy setting while in school. Stats for the number of hours worked weekly were as follows: minimum 3; maximum 34; mean 15.8; median 15. The most common duties interns were authorized to perform at their jobs were counseling patients (38; 84.4%), administering immunizations (24; 53.3%), and product verification (17; 37.8%). Note that interns could choose more than 1 option.
Of the 63 students, 36 (57.1%) reported that they would choose to attend pharmacy school again if they could go back in time, knowing what they know now. Sixteen students (25.4%) reported that they would decide on a different career path, and 5 (7.9%) were unsure.
Following pharmacy school, some students were considering pursuing the following degrees (top 3 listed): MPH (6; 9.5%), MD (4; 6.3%), and MBA (3; 4.8%).
Results from additional questions are shown in chart form below.
https://preview.redd.it/mls7e2139ac51.png?width=480&format=png&auto=webp&s=5db3ec80fd6e1934c787941278b7b755ad802a45
https://preview.redd.it/p9p44ifm9ac51.png?width=480&format=png&auto=webp&s=faf04b54ed228cc0cf110d06ed27bfd524ba894f
https://preview.redd.it/8p7qq205aac51.png?width=464&format=png&auto=webp&s=ae5d53c284cd86ff787498dad58c4d625ae2afb1
Pharmacists
There were 169 pharmacists, from 91 different pharmacy schools. The most common alma maters were Rutgers University Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy (RU RAH RAH!!) with 6 respondents (3.6%), University of Pittsburgh with 5 respondents (3.0%), and the following 5 schools with 4 respondents each: Northeastern University, Ohio Northern University, University of Colorado, University of Georgia, and University of Kansas.
Most pharmacists (152; 89.9%) were currently practicing pharmacy. Five (3.0%) had practiced in the past but were no longer practicing, and 10 (5.9%) had never practiced after graduating. Of those currently practicing pharmacy, the statistics on the number of years in practice were as follows: minimum 0.1; maximum 35; mean 4.8; and median 3.
Nearly half of pharmacists (75; 49.3%) said they would choose a different career path if they could go back in time, knowing what they know now, while 71 pharmacists (46.7%) said they would still choose to pursue pharmacy.
Local practice standards
About half of pharmacists (84; 55.3%) reported administering (or being allowed to administer) many types of immunizations, while 3 (2.0%) reported that pharmacists were not allowed in their location. A further 63 pharmacists (41.4%) did not administer immunizations simply because it was not part of their job description (eg, hospital inpatient).
Regarding therapeutic interchange for non-controlled prescriptions, 63 pharmacists (41.4%) reporting being authorized to update a prescription only after consulting the prescriber. An additional 43 pharmacists (28.3%) were allowed to update a prescription as long as the prescriber was notified afterwards (ie, without prior permission), and 8 pharmacists (5.3%) were allowed per institutional protocol or collaborative practice agreement. Twenty-four pharmacists (15.8%) reported that a new prescription would be required and that no updates by the pharmacist were allowed.
For controlled prescriptions, 24 pharmacists (15.8%) reported being allowed to change any/all elements of the prescription following consultation with the prescriber, and 4 pharmacists (2.6%) were allowed per institutional protocol or collaborative practice agreement. Sixty-six pharmacists (43.4%) were allowed to change certain (but not all) elements, while 40 (26.3%) could not change any part of a controlled prescription and required the prescriber to issue a new one.
Regarding pharmacist prescribing, most pharmacists (110; 72.4%) were not allowed to prescribe medications. Nineteen pharmacists (12.5%) could prescribe for certain health conditions, 3 (2.0%) could prescribe for any health condition, and 2 (1.3%) could prescribe per institutional protocol or collaborative practice agreement.
Results from additional questions are shown in chart form below.
https://preview.redd.it/9q4wjmmg3bc51.png?width=281&format=png&auto=webp&s=cf2ec43db13f3fcbe4cb398b1c39808389f54572
https://preview.redd.it/945u7beklac51.png?width=480&format=png&auto=webp&s=e74267ca8c2d56dd0c7fc42497df2f0d42f14a3a
https://preview.redd.it/yyd7su4tlac51.png?width=480&format=png&auto=webp&s=86e12e31c5de3b91a615add5dd28055f881beddc
https://preview.redd.it/tk2msh41mac51.png?width=480&format=png&auto=webp&s=c091747118370117d3ecf35a8e9bffd54ac02805
https://preview.redd.it/9njkd9vemac51.png?width=346&format=png&auto=webp&s=ffe54bfc9ae206295f7e81685a361357c14a625a
https://preview.redd.it/mywjx5nwmac51.png?width=444&format=png&auto=webp&s=1eb695e764c2bf7c1ffbfddd947fc297eed4f8ea
Pharmacy residents
Of the 169 pharmacists, 31 (18.3%) had completed or were currently completing a pharmacy residency. Of those, there were 6 current PGY-1 residents and 1 current PGY-2 resident.
Of the 24 pharmacists who had completed their PGY-1 residencies, most (18; 75%) did rotational programs without a specific focus. The remaining 6 pharmacists specialized in the following areas during their PGY-1: ambulatory care (2; 8.3%), community pharmacy (1; 4.2%), managed care (1; 4.2%), pediatrics (1; 4.2%), and pharmacotherapy (1; 4.2%). Stats on their PGY-1 salaries were as follows: minimum $33,000; maximum $60,000; mean $44,325; median $45,000. These PGY-1 residencies were done primarily in an urban setting (18; 75%), followed by suburban (3; 12.5%) and rural (2; 8.3%).
Of the 11 pharmacists who had completed their PGY-2 residencies, the specialties included: ambulatory care (3; 27.3%), psychiatry (2; 18.2%), and 1 each of administration, critical care, emergency medicine, infectious disease, oncology, and pharmacotherapy (9.1% each). Stats on their PGY-2 salaries were as follows: minimum $35,000; maximum $51,000; mean $45,625; median $46,500. These PGY-2 residencies were done almost equally in urban (6; 54.5%) and suburban (5; 45.5%) settings.
The 6 current PGY-1 residents had the following plans immediately following their PGY-1: inpatient staff pharmacist (2; 33.3%), PGY-2 residency (2; 33.3%), inpatient clinical specialty pharmacist (1; 16.7%), and non-practicing pharmacist (1; 16.7%).
Of those who had completed their residencies, their roles immediately afterward are listed in the table below.

Role	Number of Respondents
Inpatient staff pharmacist	8
Inpatient clinical specialty pharmacist	6
Ambulatory care pharmacist	4
Unemployed	2
Outpatient pharmacist (eg, retail, mail order, long term care)	1
Stopped practicing but remained in the field of pharmacy (eg, industry)	1
Industry fellowship	1
Drug information pharmacist	1

Pharmacy organizations
This question was directed toward American respondents. There were 96 respondents who reported being currently active members of an association, the most common of which were ASHP (39; 40.6%), APhA (38; 39.6%), and a local/state pharmacy association (29; 30.2%).
There were 35 respondents who reported previously being members of an association, the most common of which were APhA (25; 71.4%), ASHP (15; 42.9%), and a local/state pharmacy association (13; 37.1%).
Final comments
Thanks again to everyone who took the survey, and especially those who provided feedback!
I totally acknowledge that the survey is very US-centric, and for that I apologize. I did take some feedback from some people in this subreddit, but if anyone ex-US wants to provide feedback for any future surveys, I'm happy to speak with you offline about it.
The same also goes for anyone in a "niche" field such as long-term care, ambulatory care, managed care, etc. I'm happy to add in new sections or questions for those fields - it's just that I have no idea what to ask, having no experience in those areas.
There are probably a few questions whose answers aren't reflected here mainly because this is long enough already, but if you have any questions (eg, what's the average salary for a hospital pharmacist in a suburban area?), please feel free to ask!
Thanks again!

CRTPi Project Presents:

CRTPi-RCA v3.0F

A CRTPi image for running 240p via 3.5mm Composite
Other Releases:

• CRTPi-Project GitHub
• CRTPi-RGB v3.0: Main Fork (888&666)
• CRTPi4-RCA v3.4FX: Experimental Fork (Pi4 Composite)
• CRTPi-RCA v2.0F: PiZero Fork (Composite)
• CRTPi-VGA v3.0V: VGA Fork

Changelog: v3.0F for RCA 5/11/2020

• Reimaged with fresh Retropie 4.6 install image (4/28/20)
• Updated base config to Retropie 4.6 (build 72132587 commit 05/07/20 Buster 10)
• Updated Retroarch to v1.8.5
• Return of the 4GB Image! (3872256KB, 886769KB-NTSC/868059KB-PAL Compressed)
• Added PAL Image (576i/[email protected]) alongside NTSC Image (480i/[email protected])
• Updated common lr- emulator configs for the correct PAL refresh rate per system. (SNES/NES/SGB2/GBA = 50.007000, ATARI2600/COLECO/MSX/SMS/MD/GG = 49.701459, Default = 50.000000)
• Removed Arcade Configs (now a separate pack) to bring image down to 4GB
• Minor fixes and clarifications to runcommand scripting
• Created all-new runcommand launching images based on Ruckage's SNES-Mini icons and blurred_shots backgrounds

Changelog: v2.0F for RCA 4/1/2020

• Updated base config to Retropie 4.5.18 (build d737e15a commit 03/24/20)
• Updated Retroarch to v1.8.4
• Runahead now stable enough for most emulators on a stock-clocked Pi3B
• Disabled Runahead for lr-snes9x (current fork)
• Disabled Threaded Video in Retroarch
• Enabled 4:3 aspect with horizontal overscan crop enabled for lr-FCEUUM and removed bilinear filtering
• Removed all enhanced resolution and interlacing modes from lr-PCSXReARMed and removed bilinear filtering
• Fixed issue where GB/GBC overlay was stuck at 640x480 instead of 720x480 and corrected resolution to 2X integer scale (320x288)
• Included new metadata images for the 240p Test Suite roms from chipsnblip
• Added 160p Test Suite for mGBA along side the original mGBA Test Suite
• Set default theme to SNES-Mini

Changelog: v1.1FX 12/20/2019

• Applied Sakitoshi's TVout-Tweaks-Smart shader across all lr- emulators to fix artifacting issues
• Enabled runahead (1 frame, 2nd instance) for all available 8-bit and 16-bit retroarch cores.
• Added (optional) Pi3B+ overclock values.
• Extended arcade rom configs for /roms/arcade/ to include FB Neo, FB Alpha 2012, Mame 2003, Mame 2003-Plus, Mame 2010, and Mame 2000.
• Extended arcade rom configs for /roms/fba/ to include FB Neo and FB Alpha 2012.
• Extended arcade rom configs for /roms/mame-libretro/ to include Mame 2003, Mame 2003-Plus, Mame 2010, and Mame 2000.
• Installed additional arcade emulator lr-mame2003-plus.
• Changed emulators.cfg to switch all roms set for lr-mame2003 to lr-mame2003-plus.
• Fixed issue where GBC configs were pointing to GB directory.
• Fixed issue with notification message location in GBA, GB, and GBC emulators.
• Changed lr-fceumm options to disable horizontal overscan, go back to 8:7 PAR aspect ratio, and changed palette to composite-direct-fbx. (these settings closest matched a real Famicom AV over composite)
• Updated common lr- emulator configs for the correct refresh rate per system. (SNES/NES/SGB2 = 60.098801, GBA Player = 60.002220, ATARI2600/COLECO/MSX/SMS/MD/GG = 59.922741, Default = 60.000000)
• Installed additional lightweight 4:3 ES themes: 240p-Honey, Art-Book 4-3, Art-Book Pocket, Retrowave 4-3, Super Retroboy, Pixel, and Pixel-Metadata.

Changelog: v1.0F Hotfix 10/31/2019

• Fixed issue with hotkeys, removed keyboard F-key hotkeys from build entirely. Hotkeys are now default per the retroarch distro.
• Fixed issue where the mastersystem emulator got set to lx-genesis-gx-plus instead of lr-picodrive.
• Fixed issue where lr-mame2003 was displaying nag screens by default.
• Redumped and uploaded the image file, URL has not changed.
• New MD5: b6a5f65c97afe09f13c7373a27332df7
• Created hotfix pack to unzip into already-flashed images from the 10/29/19 build. See this post.

Changelog: v1.0F 10/29/2019

• CRTPi-RCA: Version v1.0 Final Public Release.
• Hybrid Resolution -- Boots in 480i and plays games in 240p!
• Implimented heavily modified version of the Sakitoshi CRT-TVout scripts, removing all shaders and sticking to a more standard integer scale image.
• Kodi 18.2 set up for 480i with NO SLOWDOWN!
• Set major hotkeys for lr- emulators on keyboard to F-keys.
• Custom config files to allow certain Arcade and PSX games to run in 480i/240p
• Completely overhauled all libretro emulators for 240p output where applicable
• Configured Atari Lynx, Sega Gamegear, NeoGeo Pocket/Color, and Wonderswan Pocket/Color with overlays and optimized (not pixel-perfect) wide resolution
• Overhauled GB/GBC/GBA to have correct integer scale 2X output with SGB2 and GBP overlays

Changelog: v0.4 10/22/2019

• Second release of CRTPi-RCA, fourth releae of the CRTPi-Project.
• CRTPi-RCA: Version v0.4 Final Beta Release. (Final Public release will be released once I have a working 480i/240p hybrid configuration using a heavily modified Sakitoshi script.)
• Switched to 8GB disk image to accommodate disk-based system test suites and more ports
• Updated all installed packages to 4.5.1 (231b13ab) - 10/20/19
• Switched N64 default emulator to mupen64plus-auto @ 320x240 for speed and compatibility (lr-mupen64plus still set up)
• Graphics Tweaks for lr-PCSX-ReARMed (disabled vibration + lowered frame clock to 55 + enabled interlacing modes, enhanced resolution, speedhack, and bilinear filtering)
• Added optional overclock values in boot config (disabled by default)
• Added another theme optimized for low resolution: CRT-Bubblegum
• Preloaded Kodi 18.2 with Convergence theme (Large Font) @ 480i [ISSUE: Reboot Required after Kodi to play any games -- massive slowdown after exit]
• Preloaded and set up Quake shareware port (lr-tyrquake)

Changelog: v0.3 10/2/2019

• Initial release of CRTPi-RCA, third release of the CRTPi-Project.
• New Config Fork: CRTPi-RCA, an image for use with the 3.5mm composite out on the Pi board utilizing the Raspberry Pi's SDTV16 mode for 640x480 Progressive Scan (240 Lines).

What Does That Look Like?
Here are some examples of games being played in beautiful 240p on CRT sets using the RCA Image!.
What is Different?

• Retropie 4.6 (build 72132587 commit 05/07/20 Buster 10)
• Retroarch 1.8.5
• 4GB (3872256 KB Uncompressed Image) (Compressed via WinRAR to 886769NTSC/868059PAL KB)
• SSH, Samba Share, and USB Rom Service enabled by default
• Heavily modified Sakitoshi CRT-TVout script for switching between 480i and 240p
• Optional overclock values in /boot/config.txt for Pi2 & Pi3B (disabled by default)
• NTSC @ 60hz 720/640x480 480i Resolution for Emulationstation & Kodi
• PAL @ 50hz 720/640x576 576i Resolution for Emulationstation & Kodi
• NTSC @ 60hz 640x480 Progressive (240 lines) for Retroarch
• PAL @ 50hz 640x576 Progressive (288 lines) for Retroarch
• Per-system custom refresh rates for Retroarch
• Single-frame Run Ahead enabled for many 8-bit & 16-bit consoles and handhelds for Retroarch
• Optional 480i mode for PSX and Arcade games
• Preloaded with free 240p test suites for multiple consoles (PAL SNES & Mega-CD)
• Preloaded with additional stable (opt) Retroarch emulators
• Preloaded with DOSBox and ScummVM
• Preloaded with Kodi 18.2 w/ Convergence Theme @ 480i
• Preloaded with various 4:3 splashscreens from the RPiF download
• Preloaded with 4:3 Ruckage's runcommand launching screens for supported systems
• Custom 4:3 Arcade DOJ "Winners DO Use Drugs" splash screen.
• Preloaded with MUNT Roland MT-32 MIDI emulation for DOSBox/ScummVM
• Retroarch FCEUmm (NES) Emulator preconfigured for 4:3 horiz/vert overscan crop enabled w/ composite-direct-fbx pallete
• Retroarch Picodrive (SMS/32X) Emulator preconfigured for 4:3 with 2.5X Sega Mastersystem & 1X Sega 32X resolution
• Retroarch Gambatte (GB/GBC) emulator preset to Super Game Boy (Special 1 Pallete) mode with 2x integer scale SGB Overlay
• Retroarch mGBA (GBA) emulator preset to Game Boy Player mode with 2x integer scale GBP Overlay
• Other Retroarch handheld emulators preset for optimized wide display with overlay
• Emulationstation preloaded with KALEL1981's Super-Retroboy theme (default)
• Emulationstation preloaded with Ruckage's RetroPie menu icons
• Emulationstation preloaded with Ruckage's snes-mini and nes-mini themes configured for 4:3
• Emulationstation preloaded with PietDAmore's 240p Honey and Bubblegum themes
• Custom ScummVM system artwork for snes-mini theme
• Emulationstation systems ordered chronologically instead of alphabetically
• Emulationstation preconfigured with best settings for analog A/V including best settings for video preview screensavers

What is Run-Ahead?

The Run Ahead feature calculates the frames as fast as possible in the background to "rollback" the action as close as possible to the input command requested.

I've enabled run-ahead on most of the 8 & 16-bit consoles and handhelds. A single frame (and using the second instance) is saved here, which dramatically improves input lag without affecting performance on a Pi3B+. More frames would require more hardware power, and may be achievable via overclocking.

lr-snes9x2010 consistent 60.0-60.2 FPS @ 60.098801hz lr-fceumm consistent 60.0-60.2 FPS @ 60.098801hz lr-beetle-pce-fast consistent 60.1-60.2 @ 60.000000hz lr-genesis-gx-plus consistent 59.9-60.2 FPS @ 59.922741hz (both genesis and sega cd) lr-picodrive consistent 59.9-60.2 FPS @ 59.922741hz (master system, game gear, and 32X) lr-gambatte consistent 60.0-60.2 FPS @ 60.098801hz (SGB2 framerate) lr-mgba consistent 59.8-60.4 FPS @ 60.002220hz (Gamecube framerate) 

Runahead Tested ~60FPS Stable:

• Game Gear
• Game Boy
• Game Boy Color
• Game Boy Advance
• Master System
• Megadrive
• NES
• PC Engine
• PCE-CD
• Sega 32X
• Sega CD
• SNES

Runahead Tested < 50FPS Unstable:

• FB Neo
• FB Alpha
• Mame
• N64
• PlayStation
• PSP

Runahead Untested:

• Atari 800
• Atari 2600
• Atari 5200
• Atari 7800
• Atari Lynx
• Coleco
• Intellivision
• MSX

What Does This NOT Have?
This doesn't have any ROMs (other than freeware test suites), BIOS files, music, screenshots, metadata, or videos concerning copywritten games. Other than the configurations and overlays, it has nothing that can't be downloaded through the repository or freeware.
Where Can I Get It?
You can download a premade image from Drive:

NOTE: Please expand your file system via Raspi-Config after your first boot, and reboot!

CRTPi-RCA NTSC v3.0F: For Raspberry Pi3B Composite-Out @ 60hz

MD5: 438d69a38b6085d2c5be30fbd43e2b43 

CRTPi-RCA PAL v3.0F: For Raspberry Pi3B Composite-Out @ 50hz

MD5: 5f76241b4ba75e95b597642cea8eb242 

How do I install the Arcade Configuration Pack?
These are the resolution-correct preset arcade configs for MAME/FBA including vertical games. There is roughly 38K files in there, spread out across several systems (arcade, fba, mame-libretro, and neogeo). Having these pre-installed would not allow either image to fit on the SD card used, and may not be needed for everyone. It's a fairly simple process that won't take more than a few minutes of your time.

• Drop to shell or connect via SSH, and navigate to root (cd /)
• Download the CRTPi-RCA_ArcadePack.zip with the command:
  sudo wget https://github.com/crtpi/CRTPi-Project/raw/masteCRTPi-RCA_ArcadePack.zip
  
• Unzip and overwrite files with the command:
  sudo unzip -o -q CRTPi-RCA_ArcadePack.zip
  
• Remove the zip with the command
  sudo rm CRTPi-RCA_ArcadePack.zip
  
• Restore read/write access to the files you have overwritten with the command:
  sudo chmod a+rw -R /opt/retropie/configs/
  

How can I take full advantage of the 480i/240p Switching?
To force 480i for a system or game, you can create a '480i.txt' file inside the configuration folder of the system with a list of the file names (case insensitive, extension optional but recommended) you want to force.
If you wish to force 480i for a whole system, you can write "all" inside the '480i.txt' file.
Alternatively you can create a "240p.txt" file to force 480i to all games except for the ones inside the list.
You can read more about the script functionality here.
Example:

/opt/retropie/configs/psx/480i.txt containing "Bloody Roar 2.PBP" to force 480i for the file "Bloody Roar 2.PBP" /opt/retropie/configs/psx/480i.txt containing "all" to force 480i for all the PlayStation games. /opt/retropie/configs/ports/kodi/480i.txt containing "all" to force 480i on Kodi. 

I have X Issue! Help?
I only have like 500mb of free space on my XXgb SD card!
You need to expand your file system via Raspi-Config. Follow these steps.
I want to switch back to lr-mupen64plus!

• When launching an n64 game, mash buttons on the controller until the runcommand window comes up.
• Select on "1 Set default emulator for n64" and choose "lr-mupen64plus"
• Then "Q Exit (without launching)"
• Launch the game again -- it will launch in the chosen emulator at the proper resolution

What A/V cable should I use for 3.5mm Composite?
I recommend the Zune A/V cable or XBOX 360E cable, you can find them on eBay and Amazon.
Samba Share won't work after I set up Wi-Fi!
Samba share service starts on boot, pending that a network is available. Configure your Wi-Fi then reboot first, and if that doesn't fix it then go into Retropie Setup > Configuration/Tools > Samba > Install Samba. Once it's complete, reboot and it should be golden.
USB-Romservice and/or Retropie-Mount don't work!
Follow this guide, but follow these steps before plugging in your thumb drive:

• Go to Retropie-Setup
• Update retropie install script
• Go to Manage Packages -> Optional Packages
• Scroll all the way down to usbromservice
• Uninstall usbromservice
• Install it again from Binary
• Once finished, choose Configuration, then Enable USB Romservice
• Reboot, and wait for it to fully boot in to ES
• Plug in USB stick (has to be FAT32) and WAIT A LONG TIME (if your stick has a light, wait for it to stop flashing)

Как защититься от системы распознавания лиц при помощи ПО Fawkes
Как защититься от массовой слежки и идентификации людей по лицу
​
Полезно. ПО Fawkes - клоакинг фотографий для защиты от систем распознавания лиц. Защитите ваши фото !
Скачать ПО Fawkes. Как использовать ПО Fawkes , установка.
Image "Cloaking" for Personal Privacy. Fawkes Usage - Setup Instructions
​
Алгоритм Fawkes эффективно подрывает базу обучения «вражеской» нейросети. Перед публикацией каждой фотографии в ней делаются незаметные попиксельные изменения, после чего она становится не то что непригодной для использования при обучении, а буквально портит систему распознавания лиц.
​
Обработайте ваши фотографии с помощью Fawkes -> Загружайте ваши фото в социальные сети
​
сайт: http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
​
Fawkes - Image "Cloaking" for Personal Privacy
For more information about the project, please refer to our project webpage http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
​
Как использовать ПО Fawkes и установка - Fawkes Usage - Setup Instructions
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/blob/mastefawkes/README.md
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/tree/maste
​
Инструкции по установке Fawkes Setup Instructions
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/blob/mastefawkes/README.md
Publication & Presentation - PDF
Fawkes: Protecting Personal Privacy against Unauthorized Deep Learning Models.
Shawn Shan, Emily Wenger, Jiayun Zhang, Huiying Li, Haitao Zheng, and Ben Y. Zhao.
In Proceedings of USENIX Security Symposium 2020. ( Download PDF here )
https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/%7Eravenben/publications/abstracts/fawkes-usenix20.html
https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/%7Eravenben/publications/pdf/fawkes-usenix20.pdf
​
​
Frequently Asked Questions http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
​
---------------------------------
​
Скачать ПО Fawkes:
​
Downloads and Source Code - Version 0.3 (July 2020)
http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
​
Download the Fawkes Software:
​
Fawkes.dmg for Mac (v0.3)
DMG file with installer app
Compatibility: MacOS 10.13, 10.14, 10.15
https://mirror.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/files/0.3/Fawkes-0.3.dmg
​
Fawkes.exe for Windows (v0.3)
EXE file
Compatibility: Windows 10
https://mirror.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/files/0.3/Fawkes-0.3.exe
​
Бинарник для Mac
Fawkes Executable Binary
https://mirror.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/files/0.3/fawkes_binary_mac-v0.3.zip
​
Бинарник для Windows
Fawkes Executable Binary
https://mirror.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/files/0.3/fawkes_binary_windows-v0.3.zip
​
Бинарник для Linux
Fawkes Executable Binary
https://mirror.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/files/0.3/fawkes_binary_linux-v0.3.zip
​
Инструкции по установке Setup Instructions
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/blob/mastefawkes/README.md
​
Исходный код Fawkes на GitHub
Fawkes Source Code on Github, for development
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes
​
---------------------------------------------------------------------
​
Клоакинг фотографий для защиты от систем распознавания лиц
​
https://habr.com/ru/company/itsumma/news/t/512122/
23 июля 2020
Информационная безопасность,
Open source,
Обработка изображений,
Киберпанк
Современные системы распознавания лиц представляют угрозу личной приватности. Уже сейчас такие системы ежедневно сканируют миллионы лиц в Китае, Великобритании и России без их согласия. Поставлена задача, чтобы в следующем году 100% пассажиров в топ-20 аэропортов США незаметно подвергали этой процедуре.
https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states-2/
​
​
Исследователи из Чикагского университета придумали любопытный алгоритм клоакинга, который позволяет защититься от распознавания лиц.
http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
​
Дело в том, что системы распознавания лиц берут фотографии для обучения своей системы из ваших открытых данных — в основном, из профилей в социальных сетях и других открытых источников.
​
Например, крупнейшая система распознавания лиц Clearview.ai для обучения использовала более трёх миллиардов фотографий из интернета и социальных сетей. Clearview.ai демонстрирует, насколько легко построить такую систему распознавания на снимках из Facebook и «Вконтакте».
https://clearview.ai/
​
https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/18/technology/clearview-privacy-facial-recognition.html
​
Так вот, новый алгоритм Fawkes эффективно подрывает базу обучения «вражеской» нейросети. Перед публикацией каждой фотографии в ней делаются незаметные попиксельные изменения, после чего она становится не то что непригодной для использования при обучении, а буквально портит систему распознавания лиц.
​
​
Схема работы Fawkes https://hsto.org/webt/vu/r2/ao/vur2aoiyij6hcfibjxpfo8-q9b8.jpeg
​
Программа Fawkes работает локально на вашем компьютере и выполняет клоакинг фотографий. После обработки вы можете использовать фотографии как угодно — публиковать в социальных сетях, передавать друзьям или распечатывать на бумаге. В любом случае, для распознавания лиц они уже бесполезны, как показала проверка в ходе научного исследования чикагской группы.
​
​
Интуитивно понятное пояснение в 2D-пространстве из четырёх признаков A, B, U, T, почему модель, обученная на искажённых фотографиях, не распознаёт лица на оригиналах. Слева — границы принятия решений при обучении на оригиналах, справа — границы принятия решений при обучении после клоакинга
https://hsto.org/webt/gc/bq/f1/gcbqf1bgswyycpjzszuirvgjv6w.png
​
Тестирование показало, что эффект клоакинга трудно распознать при обучении нейросети и он не вызывает ошибок при обучении. Другими словами, операторы системы распознавания лиц не заподозрят ничего неладного. Но просто если кто-то попытается выполнить распознавание на вашем оригинальном изображении (например, с камер наблюдения), поиск по базе не найдёт совпадений.
​
Fawkes протестирован и показал эффективность 100% против самых известных моделей распознавания Microsoft Azure Face API, Amazon Rekognition и Face++.
​
Алгоритмы сжатия изображений тоже не портят защиту клоакинга. Исследователи проверяли материал на прогрессивном JPEG, который используется в Facebook и Twitter для пережатия картинок, на уровнях качества от 5 до 95. В общем, сжатие немного ослабляет защиту клоакинга, но при этом ещё более значительно снижается качество распознавания лиц. То есть нашей задачи помех в классификации это не мешает.
​
Как ни странно, заблюривание фотографий и применение разных графических фильтров тоже не снимает защиту, поскольку по своей сути клоакинг происходит не на уровне пикселей, а на уровне пространства признаков, то есть пиксельные измененимя на самом деле имеют глубокую природу и не стираются в растровом редакторе.
​
Техническая статья с описанием алгоритма (pdf) будет представлена на ближайшем симпозиуме USENIX по безопасности 12? 14 августа 2020 года.
http://people.cs.uchicago.edu/~ravenben/publications/pdf/fawkes-usenix20.pdf
​
Кстати, название программы позаимствовано от маски Гая Фокса из фильма «V — значит вендетта».
​
Скачать программу Fawkes: http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
Open Source
Обработка изображений
Информационная безопасность
Киберпанк
Fawkes
распознавание лиц
клоакинг
V — значит вендетта
Информационная безопасность
Обработка изображений
Киберпанк
​
--------------------------------------------------------
How to Setup
Fawkes Binary
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/blob/mastefawkes/README.md
​
This application is built for individuals to cloak their images before uploading to the Internet. For more information about the project, please refer to our project webpage.
​
If you are a developer or researcher planning to customize and modify on our existing code. Please refer to fawkes.
​
How to Setup
​
MAC:
​
Download the binary following this link and unzip the download file.
Create a directory and move all the images you wish to protect into that directory. Note the path to that directory (e.g. ~/Desktop/images).
Open terminal and change directory to fawkes (the unzipped folder).
(If your MacOS is Catalina) Run sudo spctl --master-disable to enable running apps from unidentified developer. We are working on a solution to bypass this step.
Run ./protection-v0.3 -d IMAGE_DIR_PATH to generate cloak for images in IMAGE_DIR_PATH.
When the cloaked image is generated, it will output a *_min_cloaked.png image in IMAGE_DIR_PATH. The generation takes ~40 seconds per image depending on the hardware.
​
PC:
​
Download the binary following this link and unzip the download file.
Create a directory and move all the images you wish to protect into that directory. Note the path to that directory (e.g. ~/Desktop/images).
Open terminal(powershell or cmd) and change directory to protection (the unzipped folder).
Run protection-v0.3.exe -d IMAGE_DIR_PATH to generate cloak for images in IMAGE_DIR_PATH.
When the cloaked image is generated, it will output a *_min_cloaked.png image in IMAGE_DIR_PATH. The generation takes ~40 seconds per image depending on the hardware.
​
Linux:
​
Download the binary following this link and unzip the download file.
Create a directory and move all the images you wish to protect into that directory. Note the path to that directory (e.g. ~/Desktop/images).
Open terminal and change directory to protection (the unzipped folder).
Run ./protection-v0.3 -d IMAGE_DIR_PATH to generate cloak for images in IMAGE_DIR_PATH.
When the cloaked image is generated, it will output a *_min_cloaked.png image in IMAGE_DIR_PATH. The generation takes ~40 seconds per image depending on the hardware.
​
More details on the optional parameters check out the github repo
https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/tree/maste
------------------------
​
Usage
Fawkes https://github.com/Shawn-Shan/fawkes/tree/maste
​
Fawkes is a privacy protection system developed by researchers at SANDLab, University of Chicago. For more information about the project, please refer to our project webpage. Contact us at [[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]).
​
We published an academic paper to summarize our work "Fawkes: Protecting Personal Privacy against Unauthorized Deep Learning Models" at USENIX Security 2020.
​
NEW! If you would like to use Fawkes to protect your identity, please check out our software and binary implementation on the website.
Copyright
This code is intended only for personal privacy protection or academic research.
We are currently exploring the filing of a provisional patent on the Fawkes algorithm.
​
​
Usage
​
$ fawkes
​
Options:
​
-m, --mode : the tradeoff between privacy and perturbation size. Select from min, low, mid, high. The higher the mode is, the more perturbation will add to the image and provide stronger protection.
-d, --directory : the directory with images to run protection.
-g, --gpu : the GPU id when using GPU for optimization.
--batch-size : number of images to run optimization together. Change to >1 only if you have extremely powerful compute power.
--format : format of the output image (png or jpg).
​
when --mode is custom:
​
--th : perturbation threshold
--max-step : number of optimization steps to run
--lr : learning rate for the optimization
--feature-extractor : name of the feature extractor to use
--separate_target : whether select separate targets for each faces in the diectory.
​
Example
​
fawkes -d ./imgs --mode min
Tips
​
The perturbation generation takes ~60 seconds per image on a CPU machine, and it would be much faster on a GPU machine. Use batch-size=1 on CPU and batch-size>1 on GPUs.
Turn on separate target if the images in the directory belong to different people, otherwise, turn it off.
​
How do I know my images are secure?
​
We are actively working on this. Python scripts that can test the protection effectiveness will be ready shortly.
Quick Installation
​
Install from PyPI:
​
pip install fawkes
​
If you don't have root privilege, please try to install on user namespace: pip install --user fawkes.
​
​
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Image "Cloaking" for Personal Privacy http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/
​
Original Cloaked
http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/images/shawn.jpg
http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/images/shawncloaked.jpg
​
Original Cloaked
http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/images/emily.jpg
http://sandlab.cs.uchicago.edu/fawkes/images/emilycloaked.jpg
​
2020 is a watershed year for machine learning. It has seen the true arrival of commodized machine learning, where deep learning models and algorithms are readily available to Internet users. GPUs are cheaper and more readily available than ever, and new training methods like transfer learning have made it possible to train powerful deep learning models using smaller sets of data.
​
But accessible machine learning also has its downsides. A recent New York Times article by Kashmir Hill profiled clearview.ai, an unregulated facial recognition service that has downloaded over 3 billion photos of people from the Internet and social media and used them to build facial recognition models for millions of citizens without their knowledge or permission. Clearview.ai demonstrates just how easy it is to build invasive tools for monitoring and tracking using deep learning.
​
So how do we protect ourselves against unauthorized third parties building facial recognition models that recognize us wherever we may go? Regulations can and will help restrict the use of machine learning by public companies but will have negligible impact on private organizations, individuals, or even other nation states with similar goals.
​
The SAND Lab at University of Chicago has developed Fawkes1, an algorithm and software tool (running locally on your computer) that gives individuals the ability to limit how their own images can be used to track them. At a high level, Fawkes takes your personal images and makes tiny, pixel-level changes that are invisible to the human eye, in a process we call image cloaking. You can then use these "cloaked" photos as you normally would, sharing them on social media, sending them to friends, printing them or displaying them on digital devices, the same way you would any other photo. The difference, however, is that if and when someone tries to use these photos to build a facial recognition model, "cloaked" images will teach the model an highly distorted version of what makes you look like you. The cloak effect is not easily detectable by humans or machines and will not cause errors in model training. However, when someone tries to identify you by presenting an unaltered, "uncloaked" image of you (e.g. a photo taken in public) to the model, the model will fail to recognize you.
​
Fawkes has been tested extensively and proven effective in a variety of environments and is 100% effective against state-of-the-art facial recognition models (Microsoft Azure Face API, Amazon Rekognition, and Face++). We are in the process of adding more material here to explain how and why Fawkes works. For now, please see the link below to our technical paper, which will be presented at the upcoming USENIX Security Symposium, to be held on August 12 to 14.
​
The Fawkes project is led by two PhD students at SAND Lab, Emily Wenger and Shawn Shan, with important contributions from Jiayun Zhang (SAND Lab visitor and current PhD student at UC San Diego) and Huiying Li, also a SAND Lab PhD student. The faculty advisors are SAND Lab co-directors and Neubauer Professors Ben Zhao and Heather Zheng.
​
1The Guy Fawkes mask, a la V for Vendetta
​
In addition to the photos of the team cloaked above, here are a couple more examples of cloaked images and their originals. Can you tell which is the original? (Cloaked image of the Queen courtesy of TheVerge).
Publication & Presentation
​
Fawkes: Protecting Personal Privacy against Unauthorized Deep Learning Models.
Shawn Shan, Emily Wenger, Jiayun Zhang, Huiying Li, Haitao Zheng, and Ben Y. Zhao.
In Proceedings of USENIX Security Symposium 2020. ( Download PDF here )
https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/%7Eravenben/publications/abstracts/fawkes-usenix20.html
https://people.cs.uchicago.edu/%7Eravenben/publications/pdf/fawkes-usenix20.pdf
​
-------------------------
​
***
Вступайте в наши сообщества - Join Us:
https://www.reddit.com/1_News/
и
https://www.reddit.com/True_Russia/
​
Делитесь со всеми, распространяйте информацию!
***
Революция в России. Фашизм в России. Власть в России оккупационная! Пора менять власть!
​
Что делать, как сменить власть в России на народную? Надо выходить на улицу на массовые многотысячные митинги - это единственное действенное решение.
​
Изменить ситуацию в России и сменить преступную власть мировых хозяев денег, путина и его банды из Совета безопасности, ФСБ и олигархов могут только протесты на улице:
постоянные массовые многотысячные протесты народа во многих городах и населенных пунктах России, протесты каждый день, протесты без уведомлений власти !
​
Организуйте митинги, шествия, марши по улицам, протест в виде уличной вечеринки.
Организуйте протесты каждый день в вашем районе! Мирный протест.
ПРОТЕСТЫ на УЛИЦЕ и МАССОВОСТЬ - это ГЛАВНОЕ для эффективного протеста и смены власти!
Руководство по сопротивлению. Советы по протестам. Как организовать сопротивление и мирные протесты. Советы как бороться. Как защищаться. Поведение на митинге. Как вести себя на митинге. Что делать на акции протеста, на митинге.
​
читайте "Руководство по сопротивлению. Советы по протестам - Часть №1":
https://www.reddit.com/True_Russia/comments/cjeply/
​
читайте "Руководство по сопротивлению. Советы по протестам. Часть №2":
https://www.reddit.com/True_Russia/comments/fk5d2p/
​
читайте "Руководство по сопротивлению. Советы по протестам. Часть №3":
https://www.reddit.com/True_Russia/comments/hs1dhi/
​
Руководства и советы по сопротивлению, протестам, митингам - читать тут:
https://www.reddit.com/True_Russia/collection/932a8f94-b44a-4737-ac25-fcb1428831a2
и
https://www.reddit.com/True_Russia/collection/78d163e1-cf30-4dbb-a153-053f71bede10/
​
Сохраните себе текст статьи - пригодится!
Распространяйте информацию. Поделитесь ссылкой. Поделитесь этой информацией с другими людьми. И просите друзей распространять информацию.
​
True Russia - Истинная Россия. Сопротивление. Мирный протест. Протесты на улице. Протестные Марши Шествие Митинги.
Борьба за народ России, за справедливость.
Resistance. Peaceful protest. Street protest. Protest Marches. Meeting Demonstrations
​
Фашизм в России Fascism in Russia. Social Justice Социальная Справедливость. Revolution in Russia Революция в России
Global News. IT Cybersecurity Privacy cybercrime Security and Surveillance. Top and breaking news, pictures and videos. International Journal business politics science economics видео video
Новости РФ и мира. Политика Наука Экономика. IT Информационная безопасность Защита данных. Руководства Советы Анонимность Защита от слежки. Обход блокировок сайтов и цензуры в России. Как защищаться от слежки. интернет Internet СОРМ Cybersecurity cybercrime privacy safety security anonymity and surveillance Тотальный контроль Total Control
сообщество сабреддит реддит на русском языке in Russian русский язык Russian language по-русски student студент студентка школа школьник школьница мем мэм мемы финансы силовики news resist protest социализм социалист солидарность сопротивление протест свобода единство борьба socialism socialist solidarity resistance protest freedom unity fighting видео video Кризис в России Мировой Кризис
***

This is still fresh on the sub's mind, but for the sake of being clear: during All Stars 4 Manila was planning on wearing this Maxi Pad dress for the "Padded for the Gods" runway on All Stars 4. But in a post made after the episode aired, she alleged that Ru told her the look would be "in bad taste" and was told by production not to wear it, which is why she wore a less controversial option.
At the time, pretty much everyone on social media was putting the blame squarely on Ru for keeping Manila from wearing this. But it goes beyond that and has to do with the strict way menstruation and menstrual products are still treated on TV. This issue first came to my attention last week with the most recent episode of Dragula.
Season 3, Episode 5 of Dragula had a challenge where the contestants had to make looks out of garbage. Hollow Eve, an AFAB non-binary performer, was planning on doing a look involving used pads and tampons as a critique of how US laws and society treat women like garbage. It had been a point of drama a few episodes prior that Hollow was keeping used tampons in the freezer of their shared hotel room. And yet when Hollow came out in their outfit (on the right), all pads and tampons used were clean. Hollow was visibly upset during and after the critiques and kept restating their message of the treatment of women. Ultimately they were sent home because of this look.
Pretty much immediately after, people on the Dragula subreddit started to put 2 and 2 together and realize that Hollow was planning on doing a much filthier look for the pad and tampon component. When asked about it on Instagram, Hollow confirmed they were planning on using the bloody tampons, but were told by production they had to tone it down. This wasn't any decision of the Boulet's or producers' tastes, it has to do with US television broadcast standards: Not only are used menstrual products not allowed to be shown on television, you cannot show the color red anywhere near a menstrual product, which is why pad commercials have to use blue liquid on their products. Hollow said in addition to having to use clean menstrual products, they also weren't allowed to use any red makeup.
It's obviously no surprise that the US has always been a bit conservative in what is allowed on TV, but this applies doubly so to women and menstruation. At the time of the Hayes Code, which is the originator of pretty much every conservative content law in film and television, showing menstruation was so far out of the question that the code itself didn't even mention it. This standard has carried on through today and is a part of the taboo of female genitalia in broadcasting, the fact that pads and tampons are taxed as a luxury item, etc etc etc. An Australian company called Libra has started trying to normalize period blood with a commercial showing women and their pads around the color red, and it was immediately met with hundreds of complaints, so this is still an ongoing issue. I also hope you see some of the irony with Hollow trying to do a look criticizing the treatment of women, only to have that look censored on this television platform.
So tying this back to Manila. I don't doubt that Ru told her the pad dress was in bad taste. But it wasn't just Ru's opinion that kept that dress of the runway. It was several producers telling her no, along with television standards of menstruation behind them.

Потеряли деньги у псевдоброкера? Псевдоюристы из ЭАЦ помогут потерять еще - развод или правда. Честный отзыв от Baxov.Net
​
​
Если по вине брокера-мошенника вы потеряли некоторую сумму денег (а она всегда немалая), естественно, вы хотите деньги вернуть. Вот если ваша потеря более 200 т.р. и не позднее, чем 3 года назад, "ЭАЦ(Экспертно-аналитический центр) - организация под руководством Святослава Горячего, поможет вам вернуть средства из следующих отраслей: Forex, Binary Options, Cryptocurrency."
Хорошее обещание, для многих актуальное. Но можно ли ему верить? Давайте разбираться.
E-mail адреса проекта
[[email protected]](mailto:[email protected]) Не существует
​
Внимание! мошенники очень часто меняют адреса своих лохотронов. Поэтому название, адрес сайта или email может быть другим! Если Вы не нашли в списке нужный адрес, но лохотрон очень похож на описанный, пожалуйста свяжитесь с нами или напишите об этом в комментариях!
Информация о проекте
В общем-то на фальшивом электронном адресе обзор можно и заканчивать. Просто потому что когда электронного адреса нет, это нехорошо. Но если владельцы проекта указывают заведомо несуществующий, это еще хуже. Это громкое и откровенное выражение намерений.
Но все-таки давайте знакомиться.
Сайт - обычная шаблонная визитка. Но, учитывая специфику деятельности ЭАЦ, он вполне приличный. На первый взгляд. Грамотный текст, спокойный дизайн. Даже назойливого окна с чатом нет - уже уважаю. Но вот если присмотреться...
Например, на сайте есть блог. В нем последние новости обещали публиковать. По факту там три статьи. Опубликованы они 23.03.2020, 08.02.2020 и 19.11.2019. Больше новостей не было? Ладно. А чем объяснить уникальность текстов не более 8%?
​
А уж как объяснить волшебство, с помощью которого на сайте, который появился не ранее 25.05.2020, статьи опубликованы в марте, феврале и даже в прошлогоднем ноябре?
Как-то я уже не верю такому сайту. А вы?
Некая организация с солидным названием ЭАЦ (Экспертно-аналитический центр) обещает помощь в возврате денег, которые вы потеряли по вине недобросовестных брокеров. Работает целая команда профессионалов - "в компанию входят эксперты с юридическим и финансовым образованием. Специалисты имеют внушительный опыт по возврату средств". Руководит командой Святослав Горячий.
​
Как ни старайтесь, о юристе Святославе Горячем в интернете не найдете ничего. А вот поиск по фото приведет вас к другому юристу - московскому адвокату Глебу Плесовских. Команда профессионалов - это тоже вымышленные персонажи. Фото надергали в сети, где понравилось - даже со стока, имена и должности придумали. И это второй признак нехороших намерений ЭАЦ. Так можно ли верить обещаниям? А обещают хорошо и складно. Специализация ребят - помощь в возврате денег от мошенников-брокеров. Помогут в таких случаях:
Слив депозита Ваш брокер или аналитик умышленно слил ваш депозит без вашего ведома
Нет ответа Вы сделали депозит и с вами перестали выходить на связь
Серия транзакций Вы сделали несколько платежей, но вся ваша сумма была украдена
Отказ при выводе Ваш брокер или аналитик отказывается выводить ваши деньги
То есть практически со всеми проблемами, с которыми столкнулись у лжеброкера. Только с оговоркой - если ваша потеря больше 200 000 рублей. Меньшая им не интересна. Работают-то за процент от суммы, которую предположительно вам вернут.
Обещают отсутствие предоплат, заключение договора. Здесь некоторое противоречие - работают ребята так, что вам даже из дома выходить не нужно - в онлайне все решится. А договор как подписывать? То ли подпись электронная понадобится, то ли юристы без предоплаты к вам на дом приедут. То ли для красного словца про подписание договора сказано, а все договоренности ограничатся телефонным разговором.
Результатами своей работы команда профессионалов охотно делится:
​
Немножко странно, что довольных клиентов больше, чем успешно завершенных дел. Ладно, может быть, один клиент много раз приходил. Но ребята снова врут про пять лет работы.
А уж отзывы от признательных клиентов... Их три всего, но и их достаточно.
​
Вы помните, что Святослав Горячий - это руководитель компании? Можете поверить отзыву, в котором некая молодая-красивая Катя выражает "благодарность Святу"? Это что за фамильярность-панибратство в серьезной конторе?
Да просто всё. Нет конторы. Есть компания жуликов, которая решила, что раз человек был настолько наивен, что лжеброкерам попался, с него можно еще денежек получить безнаказанно. Надо только наврать с три короба. Чем и занимаются.
Контакты проекта
Контактов вроде как полный набор.
​
Номер телефона есть. Стационарный московский +7 (499) 642-32-94.
Форма обратной связи присутствует.
Даже адрес офиса есть - 115280, г. Москва ул. Ленинская слобода, Д 26. Правда, где в этом здании искать ЭАЦ, почему-то не сказали. Там больше 340 организаций. И это только те, кто в каталоге себя обозначили. Но ЭАЦ среди них нет.
Есть электронный адрес, который просто нарисовали.
Аккаунтов в соцсетях и мессенджерах нет.
Домену refundlegal.ru 23 дня, он зарегистрирован частным лицом 25.05.2020.
Разоблачение проекта
Вы думаете, тут еще что-то нужно разоблачать? Уже того вранья, о котором сказано, вполне достаточно, чтобы сайт закрыть и со своей проблемой обратиться к реальным юристам. Но это не все, еще есть.
Например, так и непонятно, как же давно вообще ребята работают. Кажется, они сами не в курсе. Смотрите. На главной читаем, что с 2019-го ЭАЦ работает онлайн. При этом опыт успешной работы - 5 лет. То, что сайту не более 23 дней, уже отметили. А вот с организацией совсем непонятно. Та, что указана на сайте, работает с 2004-го года. Так пять лет или шестнадцать трудятся наши профессионалы? Нет ответа. А вот "ЭКСПЕРТНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ЦЕНТР", чьи реквизиты сперли позаимствовали жулики, есть.
ИНН: 7725513115, КПП: 772501001 и ОГРН: 1047796466365 принадлежат АВТОНОМНОЙ НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ "ЭКСПЕРТНО-АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ЦЕНТР". Ее учредитель - АНО "НИСИПП" АВТОНОМНАЯ НЕКОММЕРЧЕСКАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ "НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИНСТИТУТ СИСТЕМНЫХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПРОБЛЕМ ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСТВА". А указанная в качестве учредителя на сайте жулья Воронцова Елена Николаевна является гендиректором АНО "ЭАЦ".
Обратите внимание, что организация эта некоммерческая. То есть "организация, не имеющая в качестве основной цели своей деятельности извлечения прибыли. Некоммерческие организации могут создаваться для достижения социальных, благотворительных целей..."
Это как понимать? То есть Святослав Горячий и его команда - это филантропы-альтруисты, робингуды 21-го века? Да нет. Пародия на Остапа Бендера.
На сайте нет ничего что вызывало бы доверие.
Стоит ли верить обещанию, что вы оплатите услугу только в случае, если возврат будет осуществлен? Ни в коем случае! Ведь во всем остальном не было ни слова правды. Как именно обманут?
Жулики, занимающиеся такой деятельностью, работают за процент от суммы, которую вы хотите вернуть. У вас попросят полную и подробную информацию о том, когда, куда и каким образом вы переводили деньги. Потом много раз уточнят детали, попросят скриншоты, адреса сайтов и еще много-много. Это изобразит бурную деятельность. Потом вам сообщат, что - ура! - деньги удалось вернуть, они уже в пути к вам. Но зачислят их на ваш счет после оплаты услуг юристов, которые всей командой трудились, не покладая рук, чтобы возврат состоялся. Оплачиваете, и на этом заканчивается сотрудничество.
Суммы обычно немаленькие. Потому сайты, подобные ЭАЦ (Экспертно-аналитический центр), не живут дольше пары месяцев. Они закрываются, а вместо них создается еще пара-тройка.
Если вы уже стали жертвой жуликоватых брокеров, то на собственном опыте убедились, насколько опрометчиво доверять сайтам, где врут в каждом предложении. Таким, которые обещают много и заманчиво, но ничем свои обещания не подкрепляют. Таким организациям, которые используют чужие реквизиты, фальшивые адреса, выдуманную команду профессионалов, чужие тексты и фотографии, которые сами себе отзывы пишут.
ЭАЦ (Экспертно-аналитический центр) - как раз из таких. Только под обещание вернуть деньги от лжеброкера с вас очень постараются получить еще.
Возможные потери на проекте
Прейскуранта, прайса нет
У вас попросят 10 - 20% от суммы, которую вы хотите вернуть. Но могут назвать ставку больше или меньше - в зависимости от сиюминутных аппетитов жуликов.
Кроме денег потеряете время. Процедуру возврата добровольно переведенных денег нужно начинать как можно быстрее.
Вывод о проекте
Можно ли все-таки вернуть деньги, которые потеряли у псевдоброкеров? Не всегда, сложно, долго, иногда дорого, но все-таки можно. Только не пытайтесь обращаться в ЭАЦ (Экспертно-аналитический центр) и подобные конторки. И никогда ничего не оплачивайте, опираясь лишь на разговор по телефону. Даже если голос в трубке очень приятный, и говорит он очень убедительно.
​
​
Остерегайте себя и сбережения вместе с Baxov.Net
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Boolean data type

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In computer science, the Boolean data type is a data type that has one of two possible values (usually denoted true and false) which is intended to represent the two truth values of logic and Boolean algebra. It is named after George Boole, who first defined an algebraic system of logic in the mid 19th century. The Boolean data type is primarily associated with conditional) statements, which allow different actions by changing control flow depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false. It is a special case of a more general logical data type (see probabilistic logic)—logic doesn't always need to be Boolean.

Contents

​

• 1 Generalities
• 2 ALGOL and the built-in boolean type
• 3 Fortran
• 4 Lisp and Scheme
• 5 Pascal, Ada, and Haskell
• 6 C, C++, Objective-C, AWK
• 7 Perl and Lua
• 8 Tcl
• 9 Python, Ruby, and JavaScript
• 10 Next Generation Shell
• 11 SQL
• 12 See also
• 13 References

Generalities

In programming languages with a built-in Boolean data type, such as Pascal) and Java), the comparison operators such as > and ≠ are usually defined to return a Boolean value. Conditional and iterative commands may be defined to test Boolean-valued expressions.
Languages with no explicit Boolean data type, like C90 and Lisp), may still represent truth values by some other data type. Common Lisp uses an empty list for false, and any other value for true. The C programming language uses an integer) type, where relational expressions like i > j and logical expressions connected by && and || are defined to have value 1 if true and 0 if false, whereas the test parts of if , while , for , etc., treat any non-zero value as true.[1][2] Indeed, a Boolean variable may be regarded (and implemented) as a numerical variable with one binary digit (bit), which can store only two values. The implementation of Booleans in computers are most likely represented as a full word), rather than a bit; this is usually due to the ways computers transfer blocks of information.
Most programming languages, even those with no explicit Boolean type, have support for Boolean algebraic operations such as conjunction (AND , & , * ), disjunction (OR , | , + ), equivalence (EQV , = , == ), exclusive or/non-equivalence (XOR , NEQV , ^ , != ), and negation (NOT , ~ , ! ).
In some languages, like Ruby), Smalltalk, and Alice) the true and false values belong to separate classes), i.e., True and False , respectively, so there is no one Boolean type.
In SQL, which uses a three-valued logic for explicit comparisons because of its special treatment of Nulls), the Boolean data type (introduced in SQL:1999) is also defined to include more than two truth values, so that SQL Booleans can store all logical values resulting from the evaluation of predicates in SQL. A column of Boolean type can also be restricted to just TRUE and FALSE though.

ALGOL and the built-in boolean type

One of the earliest programming languages to provide an explicit boolean data type is ALGOL 60 (1960) with values true and false and logical operators denoted by symbols ' ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } 📷' (and), ' ∨ {\displaystyle \vee } 📷' (or), ' ⊃ {\displaystyle \supset } 📷' (implies), ' ≡ {\displaystyle \equiv } 📷' (equivalence), and ' ¬ {\displaystyle \neg } 📷' (not). Due to input device and character set limits on many computers of the time, however, most compilers used alternative representations for many of the operators, such as AND or 'AND' .
This approach with boolean as a built-in (either primitive or otherwise predefined) data type was adopted by many later programming languages, such as Simula 67 (1967), ALGOL 68 (1970),[3] Pascal) (1970), Ada) (1980), Java) (1995), and C#) (2000), among others.

Fortran

The first version of FORTRAN (1957) and its successor FORTRAN II (1958) have no logical values or operations; even the conditional IF statement takes an arithmetic expression and branches to one of three locations according to its sign; see arithmetic IF. FORTRAN IV (1962), however, follows the ALGOL 60 example by providing a Boolean data type (LOGICAL ), truth literals (.TRUE. and .FALSE. ), Boolean-valued numeric comparison operators (.EQ. , .GT. , etc.), and logical operators (.NOT. , .AND. , .OR. ). In FORMAT statements, a specific format descriptor ('L ') is provided for the parsing or formatting of logical values.[4]

Lisp and Scheme

The language Lisp) (1958) never had a built-in Boolean data type. Instead, conditional constructs like cond assume that the logical value false is represented by the empty list () , which is defined to be the same as the special atom nil or NIL ; whereas any other s-expression is interpreted as true. For convenience, most modern dialects of Lisp predefine the atom t to have value t , so that t can be used as a mnemonic notation for true.
This approach (any value can be used as a Boolean value) was retained in most Lisp dialects (Common Lisp, Scheme), Emacs Lisp), and similar models were adopted by many scripting languages, even ones having a distinct Boolean type or Boolean values; although which values are interpreted as false and which are true vary from language to language. In Scheme, for example, the false value is an atom distinct from the empty list, so the latter is interpreted as true.

Pascal, Ada, and Haskell

The language Pascal) (1970) introduced the concept of programmer-defined enumerated types. A built-in Boolean data type was then provided as a predefined enumerated type with values FALSE and TRUE . By definition, all comparisons, logical operations, and conditional statements applied to and/or yielded Boolean values. Otherwise, the Boolean type had all the facilities which were available for enumerated types in general, such as ordering and use as indices. In contrast, converting between Boolean s and integers (or any other types) still required explicit tests or function calls, as in ALGOL 60. This approach (Boolean is an enumerated type) was adopted by most later languages which had enumerated types, such as Modula, Ada), and Haskell).

C, C++, Objective-C, AWK

Initial implementations of the language C) (1972) provided no Boolean type, and to this day Boolean values are commonly represented by integers (int s) in C programs. The comparison operators (> , == , etc.) are defined to return a signed integer (int ) result, either 0 (for false) or 1 (for true). Logical operators (&& , || , ! , etc.) and condition-testing statements (if , while ) assume that zero is false and all other values are true.
After enumerated types (enum s) were added to the American National Standards Institute version of C, ANSI C (1989), many C programmers got used to defining their own Boolean types as such, for readability reasons. However, enumerated types are equivalent to integers according to the language standards; so the effective identity between Booleans and integers is still valid for C programs.
Standard C) (since C99) provides a boolean type, called _Bool . By including the header stdbool.h , one can use the more intuitive name bool and the constants true and false . The language guarantees that any two true values will compare equal (which was impossible to achieve before the introduction of the type). Boolean values still behave as integers, can be stored in integer variables, and used anywhere integers would be valid, including in indexing, arithmetic, parsing, and formatting. This approach (Boolean values are just integers) has been retained in all later versions of C. Note, that this does not mean that any integer value can be stored in a boolean variable.
C++ has a separate Boolean data type bool , but with automatic conversions from scalar and pointer values that are very similar to those of C. This approach was adopted also by many later languages, especially by some scripting languages such as AWK.
Objective-C also has a separate Boolean data type BOOL , with possible values being YES or NO , equivalents of true and false respectively.[5] Also, in Objective-C compilers that support C99, C's _Bool type can be used, since Objective-C is a superset of C.

Perl and Lua

Perl has no boolean data type. Instead, any value can behave as boolean in boolean context (condition of if or while statement, argument of && or || , etc.). The number 0 , the strings "0" and "" , the empty list () , and the special value undef evaluate to false.[6] All else evaluates to true.
Lua) has a boolean data type, but non-boolean values can also behave as booleans. The non-value nil evaluates to false, whereas every other data type always evaluates to true, regardless of value.

Tcl

Tcl has no separate Boolean type. Like in C, the integers 0 (false) and 1 (true - in fact any nonzero integer) are used.[7]
Examples of coding:
set v 1 if { $v } { puts "V is 1 or true" }
The above will show "V is 1 or true" since the expression evaluates to '1'
set v "" if { $v } ....
The above will render an error as variable 'v' cannot be evaluated as '0' or '1'

Python, Ruby, and JavaScript

Python), from version 2.3 forward, has a bool type which is a subclass) of int , the standard integer type.[8] It has two possible values: True and False , which are special versions of 1 and 0 respectively and behave as such in arithmetic contexts. Also, a numeric value of zero (integer or fractional), the null value (None ), the empty string), and empty containers (i.e. lists), sets), etc.) are considered Boolean false; all other values are considered Boolean true by default.[9] Classes can define how their instances are treated in a Boolean context through the special method __nonzero__ (Python 2) or __bool__ (Python 3). For containers, __len__ (the special method for determining the length of containers) is used if the explicit Boolean conversion method is not defined.
In Ruby), in contrast, only nil (Ruby's null value) and a special false object are false, all else (including the integer 0 and empty arrays) is true.
In JavaScript, the empty string ("" ), null , undefined , NaN , +0, −0 and false [10] are sometimes called falsy (of which the complement) is truthy) to distinguish between strictly type-checked and coerced Booleans.[11] As opposed to Python, empty containers (arrays , Maps, Sets) are considered truthy. Languages such as PHP also use this approach.

Next Generation Shell

Next Generation Shell, has Bool type. It has two possible values: true and false . Bool is not interchangeable with Int and have to be converted explicitly if needed. When a Boolean value of an expression is needed (for example in if statement), Bool method is called. Bool method for built-in types is defined such that it returns false for a numeric value of zero, the null value, the empty string), empty containers (i.e. lists), sets), etc.), external processes that exited with non-zero exit code; for other values Bool returns true. Types for which Bool method is defined can be used in Boolean context. When evaluating an expression in Boolean context, If no appropriate Bool method is defined, an exception is thrown.

SQL

Main article: Null (SQL) § Comparisons with NULL and the three-valued logic (3VL)#Comparisonswith_NULL_and_the_three-valued_logic(3VL))
Booleans appear in SQL when a condition is needed, such as WHERE clause, in form of predicate which is produced by using operators such as comparison operators, IN operator, IS (NOT) NULL etc. However, apart from TRUE and FALSE, these operators can also yield a third state, called UNKNOWN, when comparison with NULL is made.
The treatment of boolean values differs between SQL systems.
For example, in Microsoft SQL Server, boolean value is not supported at all, neither as a standalone data type nor representable as an integer. It shows an error message "An expression of non-boolean type specified in a context where a condition is expected" if a column is directly used in the WHERE clause, e.g. SELECT a FROM t WHERE a , while statement such as SELECT column IS NOT NULL FROM t yields a syntax error. The BIT data type, which can only store integers 0 and 1 apart from NULL, is commonly used as a workaround to store Boolean values, but workarounds need to be used such as UPDATE t SET flag = IIF(col IS NOT NULL, 1, 0) WHERE flag = 0 to convert between the integer and boolean expression.
In PostgreSQL, there is a distinct BOOLEAN type as in the standard[12] which allows predicates to be stored directly into a BOOLEAN column, and allows using a BOOLEAN column directly as a predicate in WHERE clause.
In MySQL, BOOLEAN is treated as an alias as TINYINT(1)[13], TRUE is the same as integer 1 and FALSE is the same is integer 0.[14], and treats any non-zero integer as true when evaluating conditions.
The SQL92 standard introduced IS (NOT) TRUE, IS (NOT) FALSE, IS (NOT) UNKNOWN operators which evaluate a predicate, which predated the introduction of boolean type in SQL:1999
The SQL:1999 standard introduced a BOOLEAN data type as an optional feature (T031). When restricted by a NOT NULL constraint, a SQL BOOLEAN behaves like Booleans in other languages, which can store only TRUE and FALSE values. However, if it is nullable, which is the default like all other SQL data types, it can have the special null) value also. Although the SQL standard defines three literals) for the BOOLEAN type – TRUE, FALSE, and UNKNOWN – it also says that the NULL BOOLEAN and UNKNOWN "may be used interchangeably to mean exactly the same thing".[15][16] This has caused some controversy because the identification subjects UNKNOWN to the equality comparison rules for NULL. More precisely UNKNOWN = UNKNOWN is not TRUE but UNKNOWN/NULL.[17] As of 2012 few major SQL systems implement the T031 feature.[18] Firebird and PostgreSQL are notable exceptions, although PostgreSQL implements no UNKNOWN literal; NULL can be used instead.[19]

See also

• true and false (commands)), for shell scripting
• Shannon's expansion
• stdbool.h, C99 definitions for boolean
• Boolean differential calculus
• v
• t
• e

Data typesUninterpreted

• Bit
• Byte
• Trit
• Tryte
• Word)
• Bit array

Numeric

• Arbitrary-precision or bignum
• Complex
• Decimal
• Fixed point
• Floating point
  • Double precision
  • Extended precision
  • Long double
  • Octuple precision
  • Quadruple precision
  • Single precision
  • Reduced precision
    • Minifloat
    • Half precision
    • bfloat16
• Integer)
  • signedness
• Interval
• Rational

Pointer)

• Address
  • physical
  • virtual
• Reference)

Text

• Character)
• String)
  • null-terminated

Composite

• Algebraic data type
  • generalized
• Array
• Associative array
• Class)
• Dependent
• Equality
• Inductive
• Intersection
• List)
• Object)
  • metaobject
• Option type
• Product
• Record or Struct)
• Refinement
• Set)
• Union
  • tagged

Other

• Boolean
• Bottom type
• Collection)
• Enumerated type
• Exception
• Function type
• Opaque data type
• Recursive data type
• Semaphore)
• Stream)
• Top type
• Type class
• Unit type
• Void

Related topics

• Abstract data type
• Data structure
• Generic
• Kind)
  • metaclass
• Object type)
• Parametric polymorphism
• Primitive data type
• Protocol)
  • interface#Software_interfaces_in_object-oriented_languages)
• Subtyping
• Type constructor
• Type conversion
• Type system
• Type theory
• Variable)

References

​

• Kernighan, Brian W; Ritchie, Dennis M (1978). The C Programming Language (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. p. 41. ISBN 0-13-110163-3.
• Plauger, PJ; Brodie, Jim (1992) [1989]. ANSI and ISO Standard C Programmer's reference. Microsoft Press. pp. 86–93. ISBN 1-55615-359-7.
• "Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 68, Section 10.2.2" (PDF). August 1968. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2008. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
• Digital Equipment Corporation, DECSystem10 FORTRAN IV Programmers Reference Manual. Reprinted in Mathematical Languages Handbook. Online version Archived 2011-08-14 at the Wayback Machine accessed 2011-11-16.
• "Guides and Sample Code". developer.apple.com. Archived from the original on 7 September 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
• "perlsyn - Perl Syntax / Truth and Falsehood". Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.
• "PEP 285 -- Adding a bool type". 4 May 2011. Archived from the original on 28 March 2018. Retrieved 28 March 2018.
• van Rossum, Guido (3 April 2002). "PEP 285 -- Adding a bool type". Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
• "Expressions". Python v3.3.2 documentation. Archived from the original on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2013.
• "ECMAScript Language Specification" (PDF). p. 43. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-12. Retrieved 2011-03-12.
• "The Elements of JavaScript Style". Douglas Crockford. Archived from the original on 17 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
• [1]
• [2]
• [3]
• C. Date (2011). SQL and Relational Theory: How to Write Accurate SQL Code. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-4493-1640-2.
• ISO/IEC 9075-2:2011 §4.5
• Martyn Prigmore (2007). Introduction to Databases With Web Applications. Pearson Education Canada. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-321-26359-9.
• Troels Arvin, Survey of BOOLEAN data type implementation Archived 2005-03-09 at the Wayback Machine

1. "PostgreSQL: Documentation: 10: 8.6. Boolean Type". www.postgresql.org. Archived from the original on 9 March 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

Categories:

• Boolean algebra
• Data types
• Primitive types

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